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Faeries, Elves, and Other Kin

Administrator September, 2010

Faery Oils

Dryad Oil

musk (main  scent)
oakmoss (minor scent)
civet (trace)
vanilla (trace)
An  excellent blend for pursuing the arts of natural magick, this
preparation was  specially designed for contacting the elemental spirits of the
earth.

Faerie  Enchantment Oil

10 drops rose
5 drops thyme
1 drop evening primrose  oil

Faerie Fire Oil

(Useful  in contacting Faeries connected with the Fire element: Will o'
the wisps, Flame  Dancers, etc.)

1/4 oz. almond oil
12 drops peach oil
5 drops ylang  ylang
4 drops new-mown hay oil
4 drops dark musk
2 drops chamomile
2  drops poppy oil
2 drops dragons blood oil
chamomile  flowers
oatstraw
peridot
garnet

Gnome's Cap Oil

(useful in  contacting Faeries connected with the Earth element:
Gnomes,
Dwarfs,  etc.)

1/4 oz. almond oil
10 drops cypress e.o.
5 drops lilac  oil
25 drops Siberian fir oil
10 drops dark musk oil
2 drops narcissus  oil
cedarwood
fir needles
tiger's eye

Gossamer Wings  Oil

(useful for contacting Faeries connected with the Air element:  Sylphs,
Elves, etc.)

1/4 oz. almond oil
12 drops violet oil
20  drops lavender oil
10 drops lemon oil
5 drops cajeput oil
lavender  buds
clear quartz

Siren Song Oil

(useful in contacting Faeries  connected with the Water element:
Undines,
Naiads, Sirens, etc.)

1/4 oz.  almond oil
4 drops lavender
15 drops camphor oil
3 drops lemon
3  drops primrose oil
3 drops rose geranium
geranium petals
rose  buds
iolite
amethyst

Faeries, Elves, and Other Kin

Kathryn Cranston August, 2010

Nixies

Nixies are shape-changing fresh water spirits originating in Germanic myths and legends.  The term nixie (or neck) is English in origin, while nix, nyx and nixe are the German equivalents.  Nixies usually shape shift into human form, both male and female, but some can change into dragons (wyrms), horses, fish, or snakes.  Nixies can be benevolent, malicious or merely harmless.

English versions of the nixie include:

  • The Knucker, a dragon-like “water monster” that lived in a pool near the village of Lyminster and was known to kill both livestock and people;
  • Jenny Greenteeth, a green-skinned, sharp-toothed, long-haired river hag that pulls in and drowns children and the elderly;
  • Peg Powler, another green-skinned, sharp-toothed, long-haired hag from the River Tees who enjoys the same pursuits as Jenny Greenteeth, albeit with a narrower range of activity;
  • The grindylow (which may have originated from Grendel of Beowolf fame), who also is partial to pulling in and drowning children with his long, sinewy arms;
  • A type of mischievous bogeyman known as a Shellycoat, which wears a rattling coat of shells and likes to mislead wanderers who happen upon its particular river or stream; and
  • The brag, a shape shifting water spirit in the form of a horse or donkey that tricks unwary travelers into riding on its back, only to throw them off into the nearest pond of water while running off laughing madly.

Scandinavian versions include:

  • Male water spirits who play enchanted songs on the violin, luring women and children, and sometimes men, to drown in lakes or streams.  Known as näck, nøkk, nøkken, strömkarl, Grim or FosseGrim, these entities were not intentionally malevolent.  Usually portrayed as beautiful young men very scantily clad and lonely, their heartbreaking music causes humans to fall in love with him and become as unaware of their surroundings as is the FosseGrim himself, leading to unlooked-for fatalities.
  • The brook horse (bäckahästen or bækhesten) is a beautiful, bright white horse that appears near rivers in foggy weather.  Like the Scottish kelpie, once a person climbed upon its back they would be unable to dismount and the brook horse would plunge into the river, instantly drowning the rider.

German versions include:

  • River mermaids (nixe) that are similar to salt water mermaids in that they are beautiful women with the tail of a fish, but can also assume human shape; river mermen (nix) can assume many different shapes, including that of a human, fish, and snake.  These water spirits are particularly fond of music, song and dancing, and use these talents to lure humans.  Some stories of nixes are malicious, but some show them as friendly and harmless.

    The two most well-known types of German nixe are:

    • Rhinemaidens:

      The most famously known reference to the Rhinemaidens appears in Richard Wagner’s opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen.  Three water nymphs (Rheintöchter or “Rhine daughters”) appear in this epic, but of all the characters in the Ring cycle, they are the only ones who did not originate in the Old Norse Eddas; instead, they most likely have their origin in the German Nibelungenlied, which contains stories about nixies.

      In one part of the Nibelungenlied narrative, the Burgundian warrior, Hagen, and Gunther, the semi-legendary king of Burgundy, encounter three “wise women,” afterwards described as water-sprites, bathing in the waters of the Danube.  Hagen steals their clothes and extracts a false promise from one that the two men will find honor and glory when they enter Etzel’s (aka Attila the Hun) kingdom.  Upon return of their clothes, another of the sprites tells Hagen that her sister has lied; if they go to Etzel’s land, they will die there.

      The German legend of Lorelei may also have figured in the creation of the Rhinemaidens (more about her later).  Further possible sources lie in Greek mythology and literature.  Similarities exist between the maiden guardians in the Hesperides myth and the Rhinemaidens, in which three females guard a highly desired golden treasure that is stolen in the telling of each tale.

    • Lorelei:

      This is by far my favorite nixie of all time.

      “Loreley” is a common, alternate spelling for this fey creature.  Like the Rhinemaidens, whose form came into being over the course of about twenty-six years, from 1848 to 1874, during which Wagner wrote his epic cycle of operas, The Ring of the Nibelung, the Lorelei is also a recent addition to nixie lore, but is no less fascinating for it.

      There are many legends surrounding the “birth” of the Lorelei and just as many ballads about her.  One such ballad says she was so lovely a maiden that men had but only to look into her eyes to be smitten and was thus taken for a sorceress.  Claiming her one true love had abandoned her, she was committed to a nunnery and as she travelled to the convent along a narrow path above the Rhine, she espied a fisherman far below.  Crying that he was her long-lost love, she leapt into the water, never to be seen again in mortal form.

      Some say the Lorelei is the queen of the waters who’s voice “propagated the profound music of the universal soul” (Dubois, p.118), while others say she sits on the cliffs above the River Rhine, combing her hair and singing sailors to their deaths on the rocks below (McCoy, p.266).

      The name Lorelei is derived from two words from an ancient Rhine dialect: lureln, meaning murmuring or lurking, and ley, meaning rock.  There is, in fact, a 435-foot tall rock on the Rhine River called the Lorelei that is located in a particularly hazardous junction of treacherous and swift currents where many fishermen and sailors have drowned.

      She was immortalized by Heinrich Heine in 1831 in his poem Die Lorelei, which proved to be so popular during the Nazi regime they did not ban it for its Jewish authorship.  Sylvia Plath’s poem Lorelei honored her in 1956.  Ballads continue to be written and sung about this elusive water spirit, my personal favorite of which was recorded by Blackmore’s Night and released in 2003 on their CD, Ghost of a Rose:

Loreley

Merrily we sailed along
Though the waves were plenty strong
Down the twisting river Rhine
Following a song…

Legend’s faded storyline
Tried to warn us all
Oh, they called her “Loreley”
Careful or you’ll fall…

Oh, the stories we were told
Quite a vision to behold
Mysteries of the seas in her eyes of gold…
Laying on the silver stone, such a lonely sight
Barnacles become a throne, my poor Loreley…

And the winds would cry, and many men would die
And all the waves would bow down to the Loreley…

You would not believe your eyes, how a voice could hypnotize
Promises are only lies from Loreley
In a shade of mossy green, seashell in her hand
She was born the river queen, ne’er to grace the land…

Oh, the song of Loreley
Charms the moon right from the sky…
She will get inside your mind, loveley Loreley…
When she cries “Be with me until the end of time”
You know you will ever be with your Loreley…

Bibliography and Works Cited/Recommended Reading:

  • Blackmore’s Night, Ghost of a Rose, Hunter, 2003
  • Briggs, Katharine, An Encyclopedia of Faeries, Pantheon , 1976
  • Cooke, Deryck, I Saw The World End, Oxford University Press, 1979
  • “Dragons & Serpents in Sussex,” http://www.sussexarch.org.uk/saaf/dragon.html
  • Dubois, Pierre, The Great Encyclopedia of Faeries, Simon & Schuster, English Translation 1999
  • Franklin, Anna, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Fairies, Paper Tiger, 2002
  • Grimm, Jacob, Grimm’s Teutonic Mythology (1888), online at http://www.northvegr.org/
  • Harland, John and Wilkinson, T.T., Lancashire Folk-lore Illustrative of the Superstitious Beliefs and Practices, Local Customs, BiblioLife, Nov 2009
  • Moorey, Teresa, The Fairy Bible, Sterling Publishing Co., 2008
  • “Mythical Creatures and Beings,” http://www.windlegends.org/mythical.htm
  • O’Donnell, Elliott, Ghosts, Helpful and Harmful, Kessinger Publishing, Aug 2003
  • Silver, Carol G., Strange and Secret Peoples: Fairies and Victorian Consciousness, Oxford University Press, Oct 2000

Faeries, Elves, and Other Kin

Kathryn Cranston July, 2010

poetry and the Fae

poetry and the fae have a long association, with the best known being that of True Thomas, or Thomas the Rhymer.

Born Thomas Learmonth around 1220, he is the author of many prophetic verses, although some were most certainly fabricated after his death around 1298 in order to further the cause of Scottish independence.

Thomas’ gift of prophecy is linked to his poetic ability, a gift granted him after he spent seven years in Fairyland with the Queen of Elfland.

While I am no True Thomas and have never spent but more than a few hours at a time inside the magical realm of faerie, I’d like to share with you two pieces of my own poetry inspired by the fae.

The fae think they make delightful light summer reading during the turgid, drowsy month of July.

THE FAERIE FOLK

Down in the meadow where the mosses grow,

The Pixies dance with their hair aglow.
Deep in the forest where the trees grow tall,

The Dryads hold men’s hearts in thrall.

In rivers, springs, fountains and streams,

Naiads whisper their sultry dreams.
On the moonlit shore of a secluded bay,

Kelpies shed their skins and play.

Beneath the ocean’s waves and foaming curls,

An Undine entwines her hair with pearls.
Upon a rocky shore perhaps you’ll hear

A Mermaid singing, soft and clear.

Look to the sky and high mountain peak

If it’s the winged Sylphs you seek.
High in the midnight sky do climb,

Dragons and Gryphons in their prime.

Within their deep dug diamond caverns,

Dwarves drink in their shinning taverns.
Wherever minerals gather in great numbers

So the Gnomes are wont to slumber.

Be you looking for shoes or wealth,

Tis the Leprechaun you must approach with stealth.
Next to the hearth you will always find

A loyal Brownie to each house assigned.

Slight not these helpful fellows nor spurn,

Or Hobgoblins into Boggarts turn.
From under the eaves when death draws near,

The Banshees wail and soon appear.

Out on the marshes at the end of day,

Will o’ the Wisps wait to lead you astray.
Rocking in the cradle by the candle light,

Changelings cry o’er their pitiful plight.

Beware the shape-shifting gray horse,

The Kelpie will drown you and much worse.
If you at night a black horse do meet,

Tis a Pooka and your foot best be fleet.

To see the Faerie Folk is to be granted a boon,

Given only under a Faerie Full Moon;
Come dance with me when the moon is bright

In my Faerie Circle to gain Faerie Sight.

Kat Cranston

February 2008

MY HOUSE FAERIES

The other night I chanced to hear

A scuffle going on quite near.

The sounds weren’t very loud at all,

But did sound like some kind of brawl.

I looked around my room to see

Just what on earth the noise could be.

I closed my eyes and concentrated,

The fighting still had not abated.

Was that a yelp that I just heard,

A clash of swords? Oh, how absurd!

Now without the aid of eyes,

I let my ears become my spies.

Quickly realization spread;

It came from underneath my bed!

There behind the bed’s dust ruffle

Was going on a mighty scuffle.

All my brownies and house elves

To the teeth had armed themselves.

The enemy were (the mere thought sickens)

Dust bunnies grown as big as chickens.

Each had two beady eyes, redly glowing,

And two long yellow teeth, still growing.

They really were a gruesome sight,

And not at all inclined to be polite.

Encouraging our side to do their best,

I lay back down to get some rest.

I had no doubt by break of day,

Those dust bunnies would be cleared away

By my faithful, dust bunny-eating fae.

Kat Cranston

February 2010

May a faerie muse seek you out and amuse you throughout the whole of summer.  Bendithion!

Faeries, Elves, and Other Kin

Kathryn Cranston June, 2010

Midsummer Eve:  Second Faerie Festival of the Year

By

Kat Cranston

Midsummer Eve, also known as Litha, Samradh, Alban Hefin, Aerra Litha, Mother Night, and St. John’s Eve, is the second of the three yearly Faerie Realm festivals.  This sabbat is tied to the Summer Solstice, which occurs on 21 June in the Northern Hemisphere this year.  The other two faerie festivals occur on May Eve and November Eve (Samhain).

Midsummer Eve is a sabbat that has a lot of faerie lore attached to it.  This is the time when entrance to the faerie realm is easiest and faerie mounds are practically “open to the public!”  Faerie powers are at their strongest, and they are frolicsome and very merry, dancing around bonfires, singing and cavorting with abandon.

Seeing Faeries

Midsummer Eve at dusk, especially if the moon is full, is precisely the best time for viewing faeries—if you have their favor or they wish to procure your services. Oak, ash and thorn make up the faerie tree triad of Britain, and where they grow together one can see faeries.  Here is a recipe from the 16th century that, when rubbed on the eyelids, will help one to gain faerie sight:

Take a pint of sallet oyle and put it into a vial glasse; and first wash it with rose-water and marigold-water; the flowers to be gathered toward the east.  Wash it until the oyle becomes white, then put into the glasse, and then put thereto the budds of young hazle, and the thyme must be gathered near the side of a hill where fairies use to be; and take the grasse of a fairie throne; then all these put into the oyle in the glasse and sette it to dissolve three days in the sunne and keep it for thy use.

Note that there are several varieties of flowers that go by the name of “marigold.”  The marigold referred to in this recipe is the pot marigold, also known as calendula and native to the European continent, and not to be confused with the common marigold, or tagetes, native to the American continent.

Remember to prepare and set out an offering so they will not feel you are infringing on their privacy and whatever you do, look only!  Faeries can be dangerous and they are capable of playing all kinds of tricks ranging from innocent pranks to inflicting death.  Faerie morality is high unpredictable.

Protective Measures

To gain protection from the faerie tricks and mischief, you should jump the ritual Midsummer Eve bonfire and drive your herds (or better yet, walk with your children) between two bonfires.  To increase the fire’s protection, add the herb St. John’s Wort, which is in full bloom this time of year.  Place St. John’s Wort over your doorway or weave it into a garland with marigolds and ivy, then put it around the neck of any farm animals you possess.  If you don’t feel like you’ve done enough, take your protective measures further by following this description of London written by historian John Stow in 1598:

Every man’s door was shaded with green birch, fennel, St. John’s Wort, orpin, white lilies, and the like, ornamented with garlands of beautiful flowers.  They…had also lamps of glass with oil burning in them all night; and some of them hung out branches of iron, curiously wrought, containing hundreds of lamps lighted at once, which made a splendid appearance.

Steer Clear

An Irish faerie that changes shape from a very wide man in a high hat and scarf to a beast or bearded sheep, the Amadán-na-Briona, also known as The Fool of the Forth, is very dangerous.  His mere touch causes an incurable madness or death.  He is very active the entire month of June with Midsummer being especially provocative.  If you meet him, shout, “The Lord be between us and harm,” otherwise as the Irish say, “To meet the Amadán is to be in prison forever.”  Look for him to knock on your door late at night or pop up from behind a hedge.

A German faerie that loves to create elflocks in people’s hair and beards, the Pilwiz can become dangerous if you trespass in its mountainous lands and it shoots you with an elfbolt.  Worse still, the Pilwiz is a thief, raiding cornfields at night.  If you can catch the Pilwiz in the act of thievery at noon on Midsummer Day, the Pilwiz will die for a year.  However, if the Pilwiz sees you first, you will die.  There are less dangerous means of dealing with a Pilwiz and if one plagues you, I urge you not to take this risk.

A Shetland faerie with an aversion to sunlight, Trows, also called Night Stealers or Creepers, live in mounds amongst vast treasure hoards.  At Midsummer, the music-loving Trows contort their squat and misshaped bodies in a crouching and hopping dance called henking.  Trows engage in kidnapping children and leaving changelings in their place, so it’s best not to spend too much time in their company, although they also are fond of giving gifts of money to humans who please them, especially fiddlers.

Faerie Paths

Folklore has well documented the existence of faerie paths; dire were the consequences to those who built a human structure on one.  Invisible to the human eye, one way to check a site to ensure it would not impede any faerie traffic was to nail down four hazel branches, one each at the four corners of the proposed structure, and see if the branches were disturbed the next morning.  If they were, the verdict was in and construction was wisely abandoned.

If you see a procession of lights moving in a direct line from one faerie mound to another on Midsummer Eve, the faeries are on the move along a faerie path.  They are on their way to visit their neighbors for a grand Midsummer Eve party, or they are pulling out and moving to a new location.  Either way, don’t risk getting in their way.

Faerie Brides

Midsummer Eve is when male fae are wont to steal away pretty, human girls to become their brides.  They often appear as tall, dark, noble looking men that charm the desired girl, dancing with her all night long.  The next day the girl, imbued with inhuman, ethereal grace and beauty, will begin to waste away, becoming more beautiful each day, until she dies.  Her soul then travels to Tir Na Og, where it is always summer, and she becomes the bride of her faerie sweetheart.  Such marriages are accompanied by rigorous taboos and conditions, such as the fairy husband must not be looked upon on certain days nor struck a certain number of times nor touched by the bride with iron.  If the faerie husband abandons his human wife, she will waste away and die…again.

Dressing of Wells

The faeries that guard and are responsible for the well-being of fountains, wells, springs, streams and brooks are the naiads.  These faeries may appear in the guise of a fish, a frog, a mermaid, a winged serpent, or even a fly.

To honor and appease these guardians, place garlands of flowers, ribbons and other finery around the well at Midsummer.  First, approach the well from the east and walk about it sunwise three times.  You may also toss offerings of pins or coins into the well.  This will ensure that the water runs fresh and clean for another year.

Battle of the Kings

At Midsummer, the sun seems to stand still, for this is the longest day and shortest night of the year.  From this time onwards, the days gradually grow shorter again.  Although they are not typical faeries, yet neither are they Gods, the Kings of Oak and Holly meet at Midsummer to battle for their kingship.  The Holly King defeats the Oak King and begins his six-month reign until the two Kings meet again at Yule.  These foliate Kings share many aspects of the Horned God and the Green Man of forest, both of which are dedicated to the preservation of nature, as are the fae.  For lovers of the fae to include and honor these two mighty forces in their Midsummer celebration is wholly appropriate.

Bibliography and Works Cited/Recommended Reading:

  • Kowalchik, C. and Hylton, W.H. Editors, Rodale’s Illustrated Encyclopedia of Herbs , Rodale , 1998, p. 60
  • McCoy, Edain, A Witch’s Guide to Faery Folk, Llewellyn Publications, 2006
  • Ellis, Jeanette, Forbidden Rites: Your Complete Introduction to Traditional Witchcraft, O , 2009, p. 151
  • Lenihan, Eddie, Meeting the Other Crowd, Penguin Putman Inc., 2003
  • Franklin, Anna, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Fairies, Paper Tiger, 2002
  • Franklin, Anna, Working With Fairies: Magick, Spells, Potions &
    • Recipes

  • to Attract & See Them, New Page , 2005
  • Briggs, Katharine, An Encyclopedia of Fairies, Pantheon , 1976

Faeries, Elves, and Other Kin

Kathryn Cranston March, 2010

Other Kin:  The Banshee

BANSHEE SPIRIT Faeries, Elves, and Other Kin


The banshee, from the Irish bean sídhe meaning “faerie woman” or “woman of the faerie mounds,” is a troublesome being when it comes to classification.  Although it would seem the banshee should clearly be classified as a faerie based on the meaning of the name alone, it isn’t that simple, although the banshee is clearly of the same “Other World” to which the faeries belong.

The origin of the banshee may be the Morrigan herself, a triple Goddess and one of the Tuatha Dé Danann.  Banshees have been called a “Badbh,” the death and battle aspect of the Morrigan, and legends say if a warrior heard the Morrigan’s song, he was destined to die in battle.  The Morrigan was also said to wash the entrails of those about to die in a stream and to choose only the loveliest maidens to become banshees.

When the Tuatha Dé Danann were defeated in battle by the Milesians, they agreed to retreat and dwell underground in the sídhe, the earthen burial mounds found throughout the Irish landscape.  They became the aes sídhe, a powerful, supernatural race comparable to the faeries or elves.  Today we use the word sídhe to refer to both the mounds and the people of the mounds.  However, the word correctly refers specifically to “the palaces, courts, halls or residences” only.  Thus does the classification of the banshee as a faerie become problematic if the meaning of bean sídhe is changed to be simply “woman of the mounds” and if the women of the mounds are comparable to the faeries, but are not actually faeries.

It is tradition in an Irish or Scottish village for a woman to sing a lament at the funeral of someone who has died. The keening of these women is said to be a combination of a wild goose’s screech, a wolf’s howl and the cry of an abandoned child, mimicking the banshee’s wail.  Legend says a “faerie” woman will sing this lament for Irish and Scottish families of pure Milesian descent, or only for the O’Grady, O’Neill, O’Brien, O’Connor, and Kavanagh families, or for families gifted with song and music.  The family may know the name of their banshee and the banshee may even follow the family overseas, despite the prohibition that the banshee cannot cross running water (a prohibition shared by many faerie entities).  Some families, however, believe their banshee is the spirit of a dead friend or family member, often a virgin, sometimes a murder victim, usually someone who died young.

The banshee may appear in various forms, including:

  • An old woman dressed in green with a grey cloak
  • A deathly pale woman dressed in white with long, wild red hair
  • A beautiful woman, veiled in white with long white hair
  • A shimmery, silvery woman with long, beautifully abundant silver-grey hair
  • A headless woman, naked from the waist up
  • A tall white veil in the shape of a woman with long grey hair

One visual aspect these forms share (except for the headless woman, of course) is eyes fiery red from weeping.  The banshee may appear crouched beneath trees near the house, flying past the dying person’s window, or while combing her long hair.  She may appear with the cóiste bodhar, the faeries’ hearse, an immense black coach with a coffin in it.  She may not appear at all, only be heard.

Hollywood has spread the misconception that the banshee’s voice causes death; far from it.  The banshee wails when a person is about to die or has died.  When several keen together, it foretells the death of someone very great or holy.  The banshee is actually a comfort to the family rather than an omen of ill; the banshee signals the passing of the soul and often acts as a personal escort.  This concept is illustrated in the tale, “Banshee Comes for Dying Man,” collected by Eddie Lenihan, a master Irish folklorist.  The latch on the back door lifts and the door opens of its own accord three times while a woman (banshee) cries in the back yard and the old man of the house is dying upstairs.  When they stop trying to close the door, the old man dies and the crying fades off, up the hill, leading his spirit into the Other World.

Spirit or faerie?  The banshee seems to straddle the line of being partly both.  And like any being of the Other World, her nature is dual.  Let to go about her business, she is benign and even helpful, a part of the cycle of life and death.  Interrupt her, though, and pay the penalty, as did one cheeky young man who grabbed the shoulder of “The Barefield Banshee” while she was combing her hair; she “hit him a slap across his face and set him flying.”  As told to Lenihan, “When they healed up the four scars were there, the mark o’ the four fingers…stayed with him for as long as he lived.  That boy went strange after.”

    Bibliography and Works Cited/Recommended Reading:
    Briggs, Katharine, An Encyclopedia of Faeries, Pantheon , 1976
    Dubois, Pierre, The Great Encyclopedia of Faeries, Simon & Schuster, English Translation 1999
    Franklin, Anna, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Fairies, Paper Tiger, 2002
    Illes, Judika, Encyclopedia of Spirits, Harper One, 2009
    Lenihan, Eddie, Meeting the Other Crowd:  The Fairy Stories of Hidden Ireland, Penguin Putnam, 2003
    Moorey, Teresa, The Fairy Bible, Sterling Publishing Co., 2008

Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banshee, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aos_s%C3%AD

Faeries, Elves, and Other Kin

Kathryn Cranston February, 2010

Imbolc and Honoring the Fae

We of the pagan persuasion will be celebrating the sabbat of Imbolc (“in the belly) on 2 February here in the Northern hemisphere.  This sabbat is also known as Oimelc (“milk of ewes”), Candlemas, St. Brigid’s Day (or Brigit, Brighid, Bride, or Brìd), Là Fhèill Brìghde (Scotland), Lá Fhéile Bríde (Ireland), G?yl Fair (Wales), Brigantia, and Lupercalia, and may be spelled Imbollgc.

For those who were unable or preferred not to perform the Twelfth Night ritual of removing their Yuletide foliage from the home to release any fae or nature spirits residing therein, as one of the four fire festivals Imbolc is an excellent time to do so.  Burning your spent evergreens in the Imbolc bonfire will release and honor the fae while simultaneously celebrating the growth of the newly reborn Sun.

Here are some ways I honor and work with the fae on Imbolc:

Plantable Paper:

Our fae friends, as the guardians of nature, will appreciate any effort you make on their behalf to keep the earth green. Paper you can plant is a project you can do that involves both recycling and growing life-sustaining greenery.

Making paper from trash is really quite easy.  You can use newspaper, junk mail, discarded printer paper, gift-wrap, etc., to create paper pulp.  Just be sure to remove any pieces of plastic (such as windows on envelopes) and staples as they are not good for the environment or your blender.

Once you have gathered the materials you will be recycling, you need to create a deckle.  The deckle is simply a frame with a screen that lets water drain away leaving the paper pulp behind.  If you don’t have two old frames sitting around gathering dust that you can use, two unadorned inexpensive wooden frames about 8”X11” are readily available at craft and home stores.  You will need two pieces of screen about an inch bigger than your frame all the way round and of the type used on windows.  You will most like find this type of screen at a home or building supply store if there are no old screen doors or windows around from which you can “harvest.”  Using small nails or a staple gun, affix one screen to the flattest side of one of your frames.  When you are ready to use the deckle, place the second frame, flattest side down, against the screened side of the first frame, trapping the screen between the frames.

You are now ready to create your pulp.  Pour a blender filled with water into a tub (such as an old kitty litter tray or a roasting pan) that is at least 4” bigger on all sides than your deckle.  Then fill your blender to the halfway point with water and hand shred the equivalent of about three sheets of paper into 1” to 2” pieces and place them in the blender.  Begin at the lowest speed and work your way up to the highest speed until all of the junk paper thoroughly disintegrates.  Do this until all your scraps are blended, but do not overfill the tub; leave at least 2” to 3” unfilled.

Hold your deckle firmly on the longer sides and slip it into the tub of pulp at a downward angle until it is fully immersed.  Swish the deckle from side to side and back and forth, agitating and evenly dispersing the pulp in the water.  Holding the deckle level with the floor, raise it out of the pulp and let the water drain.  The pulp fibers that remain in the deckle are about to become your first sheet of paper!  Practice will make the amount of pulp in the deckle more (thicker paper) or less (thinner paper).

Set the deckle on a baking sheet with sides and gently lift off the top frame.  Sprinkle the wet pulp with seeds you have selected and that will grow in your area.  Sprinkle (or place) them in the correct density for the type of seed chosen.  Now place the second screen over the pulp and seeds.  Using a sponge, gently press straight down to remove water from the paper pulp.  Wring out your sponge often.  When the second screen is sticking nicely to the pulp, turn the deckle over and sponge again, this time upon the screen attached to the deckle, until you cannot remove any more water.  Try lifting the bottom of the deckle to see if your sheet of paper sticks to the deckle.  You want it to transfer to the second screen.  If it does not, flip again and sponge some more.

Once the sheet of paper is off the deckle, you can remove even more water from it by placing it between two absorbent sheets of paper called couching sheets.  If you do not have couching sheets, children’s white/light colored construction paper works okay.  Place the couching sheet atop the handmade paper still on the second screen and, using a pressing bar (anything flat, like a piece of 2X4) firmly press and smooth the sheet.  The handmade paper should lift off the screen and onto the couching sheet.  Place a second couching sheet on top of the handmade paper, sandwiching it between the couching sheets, and use the pressing bar again.  Remove the couching sheets.  Your paper is now ready to be dried.  If you want your sheets to dry flat, you can layer them between sheets of waxed paper and place them under old books or stacks of telephone directories; otherwise, lay them on a tablecloth and let them dry naturally.  (Note:  When disposing of your leftover paper pulp and water, do not pour it down the drain or toilet.  Strain the pulp out of the water and dispose of it in the trash, and use the water to water your outdoor plants, or your plantable paper if you plant it immediately.)

On Imbolc, during your celebration and ceremony, dedicate the sheets to the fae by asking for their blessing while passing the handmade papers through flame (bonfire or candle) and smoke (incense).  Here is an example of a blessing you may use, although it is always best to write your own or speak from the heart:

Imbolc Faerie Blessing
by Kat Cranston

Come hither now, Good Folk,

Nature’s first children, faeries free.

Guardians of all growing things,

Hear what I would ask of thee:

Elves of the Earth,

See that the soil is ready for birth.

Sylphs of the Air,

See that the winds blow gentle and fair.

Dragons of the Fire,

See that the days grow warm and drier.

Naiads of the Water,

See that the rains do softly nurture.

Go hither now, Good Folk,

Nature’s first children, faeries free.

Guardians of all growing things,

Do what I have asked of thee.

Then, as soon as the ground thaws or when it is time to plant the seeds you selected, place the dedicated paper at the correct depth into Mother Earth (which includes potting soil in containers, so it’s possible to do this on Imbolc!) and wait for the miracle of life to begin once again.  Know the fae will watch over the seedlings and that you have made a healthy contribution to the turning of the Wheel.

Paper Whites:

I don’t know about you, but when I lived in New England, by this time of year I was desperate to see signs of life.  I satisfied this need by “forcing” paper white bulbs.  Not only do they smell wonderful, but also their beautiful flowers are white, one of the colors of Imbolc.  In addition, my house faeries adore them.

On Imbolc, during your celebration and ceremony, dedicate your paper white bulbs to the fae by asking for their blessing while carefully passing the bulbs through flame (bonfire or candle) and smoke (incense).  Here is an example you may use, although it is best to speak from the heart or write your own blessing:

Paper White Blessing

By Kat Cranston

Little paper white

With your face so bright

Shinning like a light

After the long dark night

Little paper white

At your scent and sight

Passion will ignite

In every faerie knight

Little paper white

The faeries nearly fight

To cling to you so tight

In rapturous delight

Little paper white

The heart of every sprite

It is my wish to invite

To join with yours tonight

You will need a container that does not have any drainage holes and that is about 3” to 4” deep.  Shallow casseroles work well, as do ceramic dog dishes.  Fill the container with about 1” to 1 ½” of small stones or marbles; do not use anything else, like earth or sand.

Place as many bulbs as you can squeeze in (the more the merrier) with their tips pointing up (their bottoms will look like the bottom of an onion) on top of the stones.  Add another ½” to 1” of small stones or marbles on top of the bulbs to help keep them in place.  Don’t cover the tips; only cover about 2/3rds of each bulb.

Add enough water to cover the root area of the bulbs.  More than that and your bulbs will rot; less and the roots won’t begin to grow.  Maintain the water level (don’t do as I have done and forget to check their water!).

The bulbs don’t need any sun at this point, but when there is 1” to 2” of growth, try this trick to keep your paper whites from getting leggy and falling over.  If you don’t want to try this trick, tie a soft ribbon or yarn around the mass of stems when they start to fall over and insert a small stick to give them some support.  Pour off the water and feed your paper whites a mixture of water and hard liquor (i.e., vodka, not beer or wine).  It will reduce their height, but won’t reduce their bloom size.

To figure out the correct ratio, use the following table compiled from About.com, which shows alcohol proof converted into alcohol percentage and how much water to use with that strength of alcohol:

Proof Equivalent Water Alcohol
20 10% Use 1 Part Use 1 Part
30 15% Use 2 Parts Use 1 Part
40 20% Use 3 Parts Use 1 Part
50 25% Use 4 Parts Use 1 Part
60 30% Use 5 Parts Use 1 Part
70 35% Use 6 Parts Use 1 Part
80 40% Use 7 Parts Use 1 Part

You can now move your paper whites into a sunny location, but don’t let them get hot.  When the blooms appear, move them back into a cooler, shadier part of the house to help them last longer.

If you don’t have fae living with you now, this may be just the thing to attract them!  However, be prepared for small, bright and shiny items to go temporarily missing and to find oddments you’ve never seen before hiding amongst the dust bunnies (who may suddenly become very militant!).  Living with the fae is simultaneously meddlesome, loving, annoying, instructional, vexing and entertaining—and worth every minute!

    Bibliography and Works Cited/Recommended Reading:

“Paperwhites – Using Alcohol to Keep Paperwhites from Falling Over,” http://gardening.about.com/od/forcingandprechilling/qt/PaperWhites_Alc.htm

Faeries, Elves, & Other Kin

Kathryn Cranston December, 2009

The Faeries of Winter

Winter fairy   colored by kir tat Faeries, Elves, & Other Kin

For those of us in the Northern Hemisphere, the month of December is chilly and cold, if not downright frozen and filled with ice and snow.  Yuletide and the Winter Solstice is usually not a time when most people are thinking of the fae, yet even on the longest night of the year, they are still all around us, carrying out their ancient duties.

It is easy to see Jack Frost hard at work, creating delicate crystalline patterns on windows and biting exposed noses and fingertips.  A true winter faerie seen at no other time, he travels between the hemispheres on the back of the chilliest gusts of air as Old Man Winter.  In Russia, he is Father Frost, a veritable blacksmith able to forge great swaths of frozen tundra by welding together water and earth.  Travelers had best take care to avoid his icy and deadly embrace.

Let us not forget his feminine counterparts.  The Snow Queen, a Danish faerie, brings the winter snow and lives in a cold, white palace; to embrace her is to embrace death.  Childless and beautiful, she is always on the lookout to snatch away a child whose absence will go unnoticed.  The Germanic hag faerie Frau Holda and the Teutonic hag faerie Frau Holle make snow by shaking the feathers from their feather bed and quilt, respectively.  On Yuletide, Frau Holda rides across the sky in her chariot carrying her sickle to assure an auspicious harvest and bringing blessings to the newborn and dying during winter.  Sometimes she will throw gold coins down to the deserving below.  These ancient “hags” eventually became the current day Mother Goose.

Of course, we all recognize the “right jolly old elf,” Santa Claus, whose “big, round belly…shook when he laughed like a bowl full of jelly.”  Like many Germanic traditions adopted by Christianity, Saint Nick left behind him a host of kindred.  There is the Swedish jultomte, the king of the house faeries.  He delivers Yuletide presents and receives Yuletide pudding in payment for good behavior in the coming year.  In Iceland, there is the julbuk, a horned faerie dressed in furs who is part goat and who visits homes at Yule.  He will leave peacefully if he is well fed; if not, he will rot the stored grain and spill the stored beer.  The Norwegian julenisse is another house faerie, one who looks like a little old man dressed in red with a red cap.  He makes his abode under the stairs or in dark, unused corners, and creeps out at night to eat leftover porridge left for him by the household children.  He is also a bringer of Yuletide gifts.

The Celts brought evergreen trees into the home not only because the Druids venerated the tree, but also because the tree symbolized the eternal aspect of the Goddess that never dies.  They decorated the tree with items meant to manifest blessings in the year to come:  charms for love, fruit for a good harvest, nuts for fertility, coins for wealth, and candles to lure back the sun.  We recognize this custom today as decorating a “Christmas tree.”  Scandinavians took this idea a step further.  They brought evergreen trees and greenery into their homes so the forest elementals (such as hamadryads) could use them to enjoy the warmth of the hearth and find rest from the weary cold.  This also afforded the woodland faeries the opportunity to join in the Yuletide festivities.

For reading to young children on Yuletide, I highly recommend D.J. Conway’s “The Yule Faeries,” a story reprinted and quoted often around the web as “author unknown.”  With the central theme being the rebirth of the baby Sun King, it is “a must” for pagan parents, and the book in which it appears is appropriately categorized as “juvenile fiction.”

If you want to work with a flower faerie during the winter, one is available:  the lily.  This flower faerie will connect you to the mysteries of new birth and beginnings, and will help in the development of purity and humility.  You can bring a lily, which grows from a bulb, indoors as a potted plant, and some can even be “forced.” A good choice would be Lilium “Bright Diamond,” a hybrid lily with pure white up-facing flowers.  Warning:  Many varieties of lily are toxic to cats.

So, as your Yule log is blazing away merrily in your hearth this Yuletide, spare a thought for the faeries and invite them in with a sprig of holly or a golden bough of mistletoe to share in the light and fun.  Some faeries will flock to southern locales (like some Canadians I know) and others will snooze away the winter dark.  However, as long as Mother Earth never ceases in her course, there will always be fae out and about, guarding the spirit of Nature and ensuring the continuation of Her courtly dance of life and death as the Wheel of Life turns.

    Bibliography and Works Cited/Recommended Reading:
  • Andrews, Ted, “Enchantment of the Faerie Realm: Communicate with Nature Spirits & Elementals,” Llewellyn Publications (2002)
  • Conway, D.J., “The Ancient of Faery Magick,” Crossing Press (2005)
  • Franklin, Anna, “The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Fairies,” Paper Tiger (2002)
  • McCoy, Edain, “A Witch’s Guide to Faery Folk: Reclaiming Our Working Relationship with Invisible Helpers,” Llewellyn Publications (2002)
  • McCoy, Edain, “Sabbats: A Witch’s Approach to Living the Old Ways,” Llewellyn Publications (2002)
  • Moorey, Teresa, “The Fairy Bible,” Sterling Publishing Co. (2008)

Faeries, Elves, & Other Kin

Kathryn Cranston November, 2009

Do You Take Your Faeries With or Without Wings?

Not very long ago, a new reader of my blog wrote me the following:

I have to say that whenever I come across a word that is new to me, such as “Faerie”, I immediately “iconoclast” the current definition I have for it out of respect (which would be in my mind a faerie is “a feminine sprite of metaphysical quality, mischievious [sic] and clad somewhat in pink” with alternate spelling)…

“Clad somewhat in pink.”  That description gave me a good giggle, but he left out wings.  What do you think about faeries with wings?  Are faeries with wings a valid archetype?  If you read book reviews, you’ll find quite a few people think faeries with wings are just so much fluff and aren’t to be taken seriously.  We’ve all heard the derogatory term “fluffy bunnies.” Must we now deal with “fluffy faeries,” too?

People all over the world, since time immemorial, have experienced the fae.  What these beings looked like and how they acted may have varied from culture to culture, but one thing was consistent until the Victorian era:  None possessed wings.  Angels had bird-like wings and demons had bat-like wings, but there were no beings with petal-, leaf-, bee-, moth-, butterfly- or dragonfly-like wings.

So how and why did faeries with wings pop into existence?  Moreover, why are they still flitting about?

In order to answer these questions, let us look back into history and examine the origins of the fae.

Some hypothesize faeries were originally pagan deities (such as the Tuatha De Danann, who were human in appearance and had no wings).  Another theory is that faeries were the souls of the dead (who were, naturally, thus human in appearance and had no wings).  Still others think faeries arose from folk memories of aboriginal races (who were thus also human in appearance and had no wings).  Another speculation is that faeries developed from the ancestral belief in an underworld (and why would creatures that lived underground have the need for flight or wings?).  The best theory, in my opinion, is that faeries originated as spirits of nature (and thus explained unexplainable natural phenomena and could take on any characteristic out of necessity, which includes wings, but didn’t until something required them).

What humans fear or do not understand, they strive to explain as best they can.  Just as the Sumerians, Egyptians, Greeks and Romans had gods, goddesses, heroes and monsters to explain everything from lightning and ocean tempests to why spring always follows winter and how the sun returns each morning; all civilizations have to deal with these same problems and questions.  Why should faeries not be responsible for or play a role in some of life’s difficulties and wonders?  In pre-Victorian ages, European peasantry blamed the fae for many natural “disasters” or else sought them out for their magical powers or abilities.

  • If the milk soured, it wasn’t because someone let the milk get too warm and bacteria started to grow.  No, clearly a boggart was at fault.  Boggarts are dark and hairy, with long yellow teeth.  Boggarts, please note, have no wings.
  • If the bride or groom goes missing before their wedding, it wasn’t because they eloped or one of them changed their mind.  ‘Twas trows who stole one or both of them away.  Trows are squat, misshapen and dress in grey.  Trows do not have wings.
  • If you find yourself lost in familiar territory, it can’t be because you had a wee bit too much to drink or the fog is especially dense and the moon dark.  Why not blame the pixies; you were “pixie-led,” for sure.  Pixies dress all in green and are little, with red hair, pointed ears, turned up noses and short faces.  Alas, pixies do not have wings, either.
  • If your child disappears while playing on the shore of the local lake, you can’t believe it was simply because they fell into the water, and being unable to swim, sadly drowned.  No, a kelpie carried off your wee bairn.  Kelpies appear as harmless grey horses, but once a rider is upon its back, the kelpie runs into the water, where it drowns and eats the rider.  Kelpies are wingless, too.
  • When things are going well and times are easy, it isn’t simply because the weather has been perfect, no armies have plundered your village or farm, no virulent pestilence has ravaged the land, or you’re head-over-heels in love.  Luckily, a brownie has moved into your home and farm to assist in cleaning and tidying up, threshing the grain and churning the milk.  Brownies are small, shaggy-haired and ugly, with flat faces, wrinkled skin, pinhole nostrils, and short brown curly hair (though appearance varies from place to place).  What they all have in common, though, is no wings, no wings at all.

Throughout time, culture and literature, we find wingless fae beings.  Greek heroes took nymphs as faerie wives.  Australian aboriginals say a being called Kutchi appeared as whirls of dust.  In Europe, dust whirls are the sign of a marching faerie army, while in the Middle East, the Djinn were the very dust storms themselves.  The Greeks did have Pegasus and Nike, and the Romans had Cupid, but these were individuals, not an entire winged species.  There are some notable exceptions:  The first is griffins and harpies.  Hesiod describes harpies as bird-women and thus neither of these “monsters” fit into this article’s definition of winged fae, both having feathers like angels.  The second is dragons and gargoyles.  Having leathery wings like bats, these “monsters” also do not fit into this article’s definition of winged fae.  For the greater part, fae entities were anthropomorphic or bestial and got along very well without gossamer wings or fluttering about.

It is my contention that the universal lack of fae with wings until the Victorian age was because there was no need for them, no role for them to play, nothing for their presence to explain.  If we assume these fae have always been here, have people been too busy surviving to notice them or even know of their existence?  If we assume these fae have not always existed, why did people start to see and believe in them?  What happened?

The industrial revolution is what happened, beginning in the late 1700s and culminating by the mid-1800s.  The industrial revolution created the middle class, where before there were just two classes:  the very rich (who had lots of leisure time) and everybody else (who had no leisure time).

With the development of the middle class came a completely new set of conventions and pastimes, a completely new set of freedoms and restrictions, a result of not only a shift in wealth, but also a shift in leisure time.  Whereas fairy tales had once been titillating, salacious and rather bloody amusements for the rich, they were now nicely sanitized morality tales suitable for children, thanks largely to the efforts of the Grimm brothers.  Fairy tales still didn’t contain faeries with wings, but fairy tales and faeries had been firmly relegated to the nursery.

The industrial revolution also sparked an interest in nature as a hobby in the middle class during the Victorian era (1837-1901).  We see this in the elaborate language of flowers developed during this time, as well as the move from the unstructured cottage flower garden to the highly structured formal flower gardens that France and England still enjoy today.

In depicting faeries as spirits of nature (my favorite theory for the origin of faeries), Victorian artists melded together these two enormous social changes.  Faeries began to take on the features of the children, flowers and insects found in the nursery and the formal garden.

We first begin to see a shift in how faeries are viewed when Thomas Croker (1789-1854) describes elves as being “a few inches high, airy and almost transparent in body; so delicate in their form that a dew drop, when they chance to dance on it, trembles, indeed, but never breaks.”  He is a herald for the Victorian era which is about to flower.

In 1904, J.M. Barrie’s play, Peter Pan, or the Boy Who Wouldn’t Grow Up, appears on the stage and is followed-up in novelized form in 1911.  In the novel, Barrie (1860-1937) describes Tinker Bell thus:

It was not really a light; it made this light by flashing about so quickly, but when it came to rest for a second you saw it was a fairy, no longer than your hand, but still growing. It was a girl called Tinker Bell exquisitely gowned in a skeleton leaf, cut low and square, through which her figure could be seen to the best advantage.  She was slightly inclined to embonpoint [be voluptuous].

‘O Tink, did you drink it to save me?’

‘Yes.’

‘But why, Tink?’

Her wings [emphasis added] would scarcely carry her now, but in reply she alighted on his shoulder and gave his chin a loving bite.  She whispered in his ear ‘You silly ass’; and then, tottering to her chamber, lay down on the bed.

Around the same time, hur Rackham (1867-1939) began doing black and white line drawings for Faerie Tales of the Brothers Grimm and Gulliver’s Travels (1900), and color plates for Rip Van Winkle and Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens (1905 and 1906, respectively).  In 1908, he did 40 color plates and 34 line drawings for Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream.  Despite the fact that there is not a single reference to winged faeries in either Rip Van Winkle, Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, or A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Rackham created captivating illustrations of winged faeries.  Nearly all of Rackham’s winged faeries were beautifully and delicate, even the ones which were insect-like, all spindly and bug-eyed.  He combined his exceptionally detailed butterfly and dragonfly wings with classically flowing gowns and fabrics to create a delightful sense of fluidity and movement.  His faeries conveyed a sense of graceful fun, and his illustrations are still popular today.

While other artists of the time contributed to the image of the winged fae, such as Richard Dadd (1817-1886), John Fitzgerald (1819-1906), Richard Doyle (1824-1883), Lancelot Speed (1860-1931), Warwick Goble (1862–1943), and Edmund Dulac (1882-1953), Rackham’s work forms the basis for much of the winged faerie art of today.  What all of these artists had in common, however, was the ability to imbue their fae subjects with that special quality that imparts the magic and glamour inherent in these child-like faeries.  These tiny, winged fae restore and nourish the sense of wonder and suspension of disbelief we entertained as children.  They help us feel playful and happy, and as Martha Stuart would say, “That’s a good thing.”

For me, no better archetypes than the fae exist that so clearly personify the natural elements and potential of our world and our existence, helping us to understand the cycle of birth, sex, fertility and death.  Wherever there is light, there must dark be also.  In the world of the fae, this rule holds just as true as it does in ours.  Although the graceful little Victorian sprites whose wings shimmer and sparkle, who dance and flutter among the flowers, may be relative newcomers to the scene, their coquettish charm is just as vital to our understanding and appreciation of the ongoing cycle of life as are the more ancient (and rather scary) archetypes.

I’ll take my faeries just as they come, with wings or without.  It’s all good.

    Bibliography and Works Cited/Recommended Reading:
    Barrie, J.M., Peter and Wendy, EBook #26654, The Project Gutenberg, 2008 (www.gutenberg.org)
    Briggs, Katharine, An Encyclopedia of Faeries, Pantheon , 1976
    Croker, Thomas Crofton, Faerie Legends and Traditions of the South of Ireland, The New Series (Two Volumes in One), Printed for John Murray, London, 1914
    Franklin, Anna, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Faeries, Paper Tiger, 2004

How Did Faeries Get Their Wings?,” Passions Website, 2009

    The Encyclopeadia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, Volume X, The Encyclopeadia Britannica Co., 1910

Faeries, Elves, & Other Kin

Kathryn Cranston October, 2009

Fairies and the Wild Hunt

There are many versions of the Wild Hunt, most originating among the Germanic peoples.  While the Scandinavian traditions and medieval stories of Woden, Berchta, Odin or others leading the Wild Hunt are of inestimable worth, for the purposes of this article I am going to concentrate on legends and ballads in which the hunters are from the realm of fairy.

In both Germanic and Celtic pagan belief systems, the souls of the dead are gathered up by the Wild Hunt in November.  For the Celtic peoples, this coincided with the appearance of the Pleiades.  In modern times, we celebrate this time of year as All Hallow’s Eve, All Hallows, Hallow E’en, Halloween, Last Harvest, Blood Harvest, Ancestor Night, or Feast of the Dead.  In Welsh, the night is Nos Calan Gaeaf and in Gaelic, it is Samhain.

At Samhain, the veil between the realm of fairy and the human realm, between the land of the dead and the living, thins and travel between the two becomes much easier, which greatly facilitates rescue or recovery of those stolen by the fae.  Three Scottish magical ballads have survived from the 13th century to instruct us in the dangers and rewards of performing such actions:  Tam Lin, Sir Orfeo, and Thomas the Rhymer.

I first heard the ballad Tam Lin, as sung by the lovely Maddy Prior of Steeleye Span, in 1975.  Since then, I have discovered many versions of the ballad, some nearly identical and some just barely recognizable with many somewhere in between.  However, when you take the time to compile a few of the different versions of the ballad, a cohesive story emerges (I will use the Steeleye Span version for illustrative purposes because of its simplicity of language):

The opening stanza expressly forbids virgin females of noble birth to enter Carterhaugh, an ancient forest, because of the forest’s guardian, an elven knight named Tam Lin.  This guardian is known to demand a fee for intruding in the forest, particularly the young woman’s green cloak (green being the color of fairy, the color of the forest and camouflage, and also the color of fertility, and cloaks being the most highly prized article of clothing as well as an indicator of status).  Fail to pay the knight’s toll and he will take the young woman’s maidenhood instead.

Oh, I forbid you maidens all
That wear gold in your hair.
To come or go by Carterhaugh
For young Tam Lin is there.

If you go by Carterhaugh
You must leave him a wad.
Either your rings or green mantle
Or else your maidenhead.

Despite the clear warning, the hero of the ballad, young Janet, dresses seductively and hurries off into the wood.  As soon as she plucks a rose (an easily identified symbol of romantic love), Tam Lin appears, as if summoned by magic.  He lays claim to the forest and challenges her right to be there without his permission.  Janet immediately lays claim to the forest for herself or on behalf of her father, and refuses to request his permission.  Since Janet has not paid the fee nor gained permission, Tam Lin takes her maidenhood.  There is much debate over where or not the sex was consensual.  Given Janet’s seductive and aggressive attitude, and her outright defiance of the warning, along with her subsequent actions, I have to conclude she must have anticipated, perhaps even sought, the outcome.

She’s away o’er gravel green
And o’er the gravel brown.
She’s away to Carterhaugh
To flower herself a gown.

She had not pulled a rosy rose
A rose but barely one.
When by came this brisk young man
Says, Lady let alone.

How dare you pull my rose, madam?
How dare you break my tree?
How dare you come to Carterhaugh
Without the leave of me?

Well may I pull the rose, she said
Well may I break the tree.
For Carterhaugh is my father’s
I’ll ask no leave of thee.

He’s taken her by the milk-white hand
And there he’s laid her down.
And there he asked no leave of her
As she lay on the ground.

Janet’s next words kick off the magical elements of the ballad, for Janet asks Tam Lin to tell her the truth about his origins.  Not only does she gain personal information about Tam Lin (which is essential to working magic), this is a break in Tam Lin’s cycle as the forest guardian.  Janet is the first person to express concern and interest in him, and indeed Janet is not content to be a Leannain Sith, or fairy leman, for she is in love with Tam Lin (as evidenced by her seductive dress, her fearlessness, the pulling of the rose, her challenge, and her willing sexual participation).  As it turns out, however, Tam Lin is not an elven knight.  He is a human male enchanted by the Fairy Queen, living in the fairy realm and acting under her compulsion.

Oh tell me, tell me, then she said
Oh tell me who art thee.
My name it is Tam Lin, he said
And this is my story.

As it fell out upon a day
A-hunting I did ride.
There came a wind out of the north
And pulled at me betide.

And drowsy, drowsy as I was
The sleep upon me fell.
The Queen of Fairies she was there
And took me to herself.

He tells Janet he fears the Fairy Queen plans to sacrifice him to pay her “tithe to Hell,” which must be paid every seven years.  He then instructs Janet in the methods necessary to free him from his doom, which can only she can do at a crossroad on Samhain when the fairy host rides forth on the Wild Hunt.  In medieval ages, the number seven appears quite frequently as a length of servitude or penalty.  The number may have been an important blending of pagan and Christian values:  the four seasons, four directions, or four elements combined with the Christian trinity.  By the 12th century, the Church was firmly entrenched in Scotland, but at least the extensive collection of saints contained a great many Gaels.  Thus, while the pagan beliefs and superstitions persisted, Christian ideas crept in inevitably, such as hell.  One could argue that fairies, being either immortal or so long-lived as to seem to be immortal, maintain their status through the transformative enactment of the death portion of the Wheel of Life.  By sacrificing one life every seven years, which life will return to the beginning of the Wheel, the rest of the fairy realm continues untouched.  Combining this argument with the knowledge that fairies are underground inhabitants, or “underworld” creatures, but not of the Christian creed and thus not inhabitants of Hell itself, it is easy to see how Christianity could twist the Fairy Queen into a position of debt to Satan in this ballad.

At the end of every seven years
They pay a tithe to hell.
And I’m so fair and full of flesh
I’m feared ’twill be myself.

Tonight it is good Halloween
The fairy court will ride.
And if you would your true love win
At Miles Cross, you must bide.

There is much disagreement among the various versions as to timing, but nearly all of the other ballads have Janet confronted by her family about her pregnancy.  What is most interesting about these segments is Janet’s refusal to name the father as someone in her father’s court or household, hinting that the father is unearthly.  With one exception, the confrontations are mild and the family does not act very concerned; nor does Janet herself.  In the one exception, a female relative counsels her to abort the child, and she does indeed return to the wood to pull the necessary herb.  However, it appears she does this only to get Tam Lin’s attention (as she did when she pulled the rose), at which point she questions his origins and the tale continues from there.

Janet hides at the crossroads of Miles Cross to await the passing of the fairy host on Samhain.  I cannot stress the importance of the crossroads enough. Crossroads and stiles draw or call to the dead on Samhain.  Crossroads are thresholds where worlds meet and are symbols of choice.  They are also sacred to ancient gods and goddesses, such as the Goddess Hecate, and many crossroads had small shrines to which passing travelers could make propitiatory offerings.  Janet also consecrates the crossroads deosil (albeit with holy water, another instance of Christian influence), enhancing the protection of the sacred space.  She lets pass the higher levels of fairy society until she sees Tam Lin riding a white horse (for purity), marked with a gold star on his forehead (as the ritual sacrifice).  She pulls him down and wraps her arms tightly around him as he had instructed her previously.

Gloomy was the night
And eerie was the way.
This Lady in her green mantle
To Miles Cross she did go.

With the holy water in her hand
She cast the compass round.
At twelve o’clock the fairy court
Came riding o’er the mound.

First came by the black steed
And then came by the brown.
Then Tam Lin on the milk-white steed
With a gold star in his crown.

She’s pulled him down into her arms
And let the bridle fall.
The Queen of Fairies she cried out
Young Tam Lin is awa’.

Janet defiantly holds onto Tam Lin as the fairies turn him into forms designed to either frighten Janet or physically harm her.  In the final transformation, he is “a naked man” (is reborn as naked as a baby back into the mortal realm) and Janet hides him away in her camouflaging and fertile green cloak.  The significance of the “green mantle” from the second stanza now takes on even greater meaning.  Through action and will, i.e., magic (not prayer or priests, i.e., religion), Janet has won Tam Lin away from the Queen of Fairies.

They’ve shaped him in her arms
An adder or a snake.
She’s held him fast and feared him not
To be her earthly mate.

They’ve shaped him in her arms again
Fire burning bold.
She’s held him fast and feared him not
Till he was iron cold.

They’ve shaped him in her arms
To a wood black dog so wild.
She’s held him fast and feared him not
The father of her child.

They’ve shaped him in her arms at last
Into a naked man.
She’s wrapped him in the green mantle
And knew that she had him won.

This turn of events is not at all to the Queen of Fairy’s’ liking and she flings a series of curses at Tam Lin as she departs.  The first is that she would have given him a heart of stone so that he could never have loved (or been loved in return).  The second is that she would have given him eyes of wood so he would no longer have fairy sight (once granted fairy sight, it must be revoked before leaving the realm, or else one can spy on the fairies).  The third and last is that she would have sacrificed him earlier…if only she had known what was going to happen.  Her curses, however, are ineffectual and she has been bested.

The Queen of Fairies she cried out
Young Tam Lin is awa’.

Had I known, had I known, Tam Lin
Long before, Long before you came from home.
Had I known, I would have taken out your heart
And put in a heart of stone.

Had I known, had I known, Tam Lin
That a Lady, a Lady would steal thee.
Had I known, I would have taken out your eyes
And put in two from a tree.

Had I known, had I known, Tam Lin
That I would lose, that I would lose the day.
Had I known, I would have paid my tithe to hell
Before you’d been won away.

This analysis is but a small sampling of the wonderful symbolism and lessons that await us within the magical fairy ballads of old.  I am not alone in my admiration of the creativity of our ancestors in preserving their beliefs and customs through oral tradition; http://tam-lin.org/ is one website dedicated to the collection and study of the ballad of Tam Lin.

Bibliography and Works Cited/Recommended Reading:

W. Macneil Dixon, Thomas the Rhymer, James MacLehose and Sons, Glasglow (1911)

Edward E. Hunt, Sir Orfeo, The University Press, Cambridge (1909)

Carl Lindahl, John McNamara, John Lindow (eds.), Medieval Folklore: A Guide to Myths, Legends, Tales, Beliefs, and Customs, Oxford University Press (2002)

Paul B. Newman, Daily Life in the Middle Ages, McFarland (2001)

Steeleye Span, Tonight’s the Night, Shanachie Entertainment Corp. (1992)

Steeleye Span, Spanning the Years, EMI (1995)

R.J. Stewart, Robert Kirk:  Walker Between the Worlds, R.J. Stewart (2007)

R.J. Stewart, The Underworld Initiation:  A Journey Towards Psychic Transformation, Mercury Publishing (1998)

Faeries, Elves, & Other Kin

Administrator September, 2009

Your Own Faery Garden

Faeries aren’t as cute and innocent as authors like Shakespeare has made them
out to be. Granted, there are good faeries but with the good, you always have
to expect the dark side :o ) If you believe and love faeries, then you may
want to attract them into your home at times other than Midsummer.  A good
way to attract faeries to you is to give them their own little garden.  It
doesn’t have to be elaborate (keep in mind they don’t like metals, iron,
etc.). As a matter of fact, a small container garden would do just fine.
Here’s a list of flowers that are said to attract them and why.

Foxglove - Name is derived from “Little Folks’ Glove”. They use the blossoms
for hats and boots
Campanile-they use for drinking vessels
Bleeding Hearts – they use to store faerie dust and other treasures
Tulips – are used as cradles for their young
Monkshood-are worn as helmets by faerie guards and knights
Lily of the Valley – it said their little bells rings when faeries are
singing
Ferns-make excellent privacy screens
Moss and thyme are favorites for bedding material.
Primroses–make the invisible visible. Eating them lets you see faeries. If
one touches a faerie rock with the correct number of primroses in a posy, the
way to faerieland and faerie gifts is made clear. The wrong number means
certain doom.
Ragwort-used as makeshift horses by the faerie.

Wild Thyme-part of a recipe for a brew to make one see the faeries. The tops
of the Wild Thyme must be gathered near the side of a faerie hill.
Cowslips-these are loved and protected by the faeries. They help one to find
hidden faerie gold.
Pansies-the flower that was used as a love potion by Oberon, a faerie king
thought to have been invented by Shakespeare.
Bluebell-one who hears a bluebell ring will soon die. A field of bluebells
is especially dangerous, as it is intricately interwoven with faerie
enchantments.
Clover-a four-leafed one may be used to break a faerie spell.
Hazel-Celtic legend says it is the receptacle of knowledge; the hazelnut is
a symbol of fertility in England.
Rowan-protects against bad spirits. Used in butter churns so that the butter
would not be overlooked by faeries. Bewitched horses may be controlled by a
rowan whip. Druids used rowan wood for fires with which they called up
spirits whom could be forced to answer questions when rowan berries were
spread over the flayed hides of bulls.

Fairy Ring Mushroom-marks the boundaries of faerie rings.

Plants and the Fae who are attracted to it:

Basil- The Fae of the Basil help us awaken greater discipline and devotion
Buttercup- This flower and its Faerie bring healing energies, They help us
rediscover our self worth
Carnation- Their energy is healing to the body, contact with them strengthens
the aura
Clover- The clover Faeries assist in finding love and fidelity
Daisy- The daisy is a favorite of Dryads (wood nymphs) The Faeries help
awaken creativity
Gardenia- This special Faerie stimulates feelings of peace, The Fae of this
flower are VERY protective towards children
Heather-The Fae of this flower are drawn to humans who are shy
Jasmine- These Fae love to invoke pleasant dreams, They have also been known
to help develop mental clarity
Lily- These Faeries help in the development of purity and humility
Rose- The Faerie of the rose can help in all aspects of love and fertility
Sage- They awaken a sense of wisdom in your life
Snapdragon- These bring humans great protection
Thyme- Thyme draws the wee Folk into your sleeping chambers

Some more flowers that Fae are attracted to:

Achillea millefolium (common yarrow)
Aster novi-belgii (New York aster)
Chrysanthemum maximum (shasta daisy)
Coreopsis grandiflora/verticillata (coreopsis)
Agastache occidentalis (western giant hyssop or horsemint)
Lavendula dentata (French lavender)
Rosemarinus officinalis (rosemary)
Thymus (thyme)
Buddleia alternifolia (fountain butterfly bush)
Buddleia davidii (orange-eye butterfly bush, summer lilac)
Potentilla fruitiosa (shrubby cinquefoil)
Petunia hybrida (common garden petunia)
Verbena (verbenas, vervains)
Scabiosa caucasica (pincushion flowers)
Cosmos bipinnatus (cosmos)
Zinnia elegans (common zinnia)

Light

Faeries also love light so putting many bright white flowers would also
welcome them into your little garden.

If you want to attract water spirtes
Incorporating the sound of water somehow (like a little fountain statue)
would definitely make them happy. And also, pay attention :o ) Work with them,
make them your allies. . .learn about the elemental realms and learn to work
with energy

Here’s a little ritual to make faerie allies:

Air Fairy– Nature: Cloud, Storm  Elemental: Slyph

The power of the eagle
the power of the storm
And the hand of valor
Which a blade well becomes~
Come now breath of Dana

The air fairy is easiset to make contact with during sunset, or on a foggy or
misty day. To connect with this ally means allowing time for cloud watching.
The air fairy is the sculptor of the imaginary world and will
reveal itself through the a cloud formation, in a thunder cloud or a
glittering glimpse from the corner of the eye. To call this ally, you must go
outside in an open space, turn 3 times in a deosil circle, each time throwing
up a handful of glitter into the air. On the completion of the third round,
lay down and say the chant above while looking at the clouds. The use of a
flute or whistle will help call the slyph. They love music and vibrations.
The whistle or flute will help you attune yourself with the air fairy. Once
an Air ally has been found, theirs is the energy of inspiration. They will
help free the mind by drawing you into the imaginary realm, floating you into
unfettered territory so the mind disengages the ego, and your inner
child can dance freely. You will know you have made an ally if you return
from your day dream feeling refreshed and inspired. Don’t forget to ask the
air fairy to identify themselves, providing instructions on how to further
communicate with it. It is also important to present their realm with a gift
(the glitter won’t work).
I would encourage leaving a decorated feather which is to be tossed in the
air and left behind for your new Ally.

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